Menstrual Cycle: Overview and Phases

The menstrual cycle is a natural and essential part of a woman’s reproductive health. Yet, many women aren’t fully aware of how the cycle works, what each phase means, or what’s considered a normal menstrual cycle. Understanding your period cycle can help you track fertility, identify health issues like hormonal imbalance, and know when to seek medical advice, especially if you’re experiencing abnormal uterine bleeding or irregular periods.

In this guide, we’ll explain in detail about the menstrual cycle and when to consult a gynaecologist.

What is a Menstrual Cycle?

The menstrual cycle is a monthly series of changes a woman’s body goes through to prepare for a potential pregnancy. It involves the rise and fall of hormones, the thickening of the uterine lining, and if no pregnancy occurs, the lining sheds, which is known as a period.

A normal period cycle lasts anywhere between 21 to 35 days, with bleeding typically lasting 3 to 7 days. While some variation is normal, tracking your cycle can help you identify patterns or issues like abnormal uterine bleeding.

Menstrual Cycle Phases

The menstrual cycle is divided into four key phases, each with its own hormonal shifts and physical symptoms. Here’s what happens during each phase:

1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5)

This is when your menstrual period occurs, that is, the shedding of the uterine lining due to a drop in hormone levels.

• Symptoms of the menstrual cycle in this phase may include cramps, fatigue, mood swings, and bloating.
• Bleeding can range from light to heavy and usually lasts 3–7 days.

This phase marks Day 1 of your menstrual cycle.

2. Follicular Phase (Days 1–13)

It overlaps with the menstrual phase at first and continues after bleeding stops.

• Your brain signals the ovaries to produce follicles, one of which will develop into a mature egg.
• Oestrogen levels begin to rise, and the uterine lining starts to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

This is a time when many women feel more energetic and mentally sharp.

3. Ovulation Phase (Around Day 14)

The midpoint of the cycle is when ovulation occurs, that is, the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

• This is the most fertile window in the ovulation cycle.
• You might notice changes like increased cervical mucus (clear and stretchy), mild pelvic pain, or a spike in libido.

If the egg is fertilised, pregnancy can occur. If not, the cycle continues.

4. Luteal Phase (Days 15–28)

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle forms the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.

• The uterine lining thickens further to support a fertilised egg.
• If pregnancy doesn’t happen, progesterone drops, leading to the breakdown of the uterine lining, triggering the next period.

This is also when premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms show up: mood swings, bloating, acne, irritability, and breast tenderness.

What Is a Normal Menstrual Cycle?

A normal menstrual cycle can vary in length from woman to woman. However, typical features include:

• Cycle length: 21 to 35 days
• Period duration: 3 to 7 days
• Regularity: Cycle occurs at roughly the same interval each month
• Flow: Light, moderate, or heavy — but consistent over time

Any major changes in your cycle, like missed periods, severe pain, or abnormal uterine bleeding, may signal a hormonal imbalance or another underlying issue.

Common Symptoms of the Menstrual Cycle

Some symptoms are a normal part of the cycle, while others may require attention:

• Common symptoms: Cramps, back pain, fatigue, bloating, headaches, breast tenderness, and mood swings.
• Concerning symptoms: Very heavy bleeding, cycles shorter than 21 days or longer than 35, spotting between periods, or intense pain.

If you’re dealing with frequent disruptions, consult a specialist at the Best Obstetrics & Gynaecology Hospital in Bangalore for personalised care.

When to See a Gynaecologist?

It’s time to consult a doctor if you experience:

• Irregular cycles or missed periods
• Severe PMS or painful periods
• Signs of hormonal imbalance, like acne, hair loss, or weight gain
• Suspected abnormal uterine bleeding
• Trouble conceiving or tracking ovulation

At SPARSH, you can meet the best gynaecologist in Bangalore, who can guide you on menstrual health, fertility, or any concerns related to your menstrual cycle.

How to Keep Your Cycle Healthy?

Taking care of your overall health can lead to a more predictable and less painful period cycle.

1. Maintain a Healthy Diet

Eat balanced meals with iron-rich foods, fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to support hormonal balance and energy levels.

2. Exercise Regularly

Staying active helps regulate your cycle and reduce symptoms like cramps and bloating.

3. Track Your Cycle

Use apps or a simple calendar to log your menstrual cycle days, symptoms, and flow. This helps you spot irregularities early.

4. Manage Stress

High stress levels can affect hormone production and delay your menstrual period. Try meditation, journaling, or yoga to stay calm.

Conclusion

Your menstrual cycle is a powerful indicator of your overall health. Understanding the phases of your period cycle, recognising normal patterns, and knowing when to get help can make a big difference in your well-being.

If you’re facing irregular cycles, severe symptoms, or just want expert guidance, book a consultation with the best gynaecologist in Bangalore at SPARSH— one of the most trusted names in women’s health.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the average length of a normal menstrual cycle?

A normal menstrual cycle lasts between 21 to 35 days, depending on the individual.

Is it normal to have irregular periods?

Occasional irregularity can be normal, but frequent disruptions may indicate a hormonal imbalance or other health issue.

What causes abnormal uterine bleeding?

Conditions like fibroids, polyps, or hormone issues can cause abnormal uterine bleeding. It’s best to consult a gynaecologist for a proper diagnosis.

Can stress affect my menstrual cycle?

Yes, stress can delay or disrupt your period cycle by affecting hormone levels.

Where can I find expert help for menstrual problems in Bangalore?

Visit SPARSH, the best Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital in Bangalore, to consult with top specialists for all menstrual and reproductive health concerns.