Bone Fractures: Types, Symptoms & Treatment

Introduction

It refers to a break in the continuity or crack in a bone. The fracture can happen when the bone is subjected to excessive external force or trauma, causing it to partially or completely separate. A Fracture can be a minor hairline crack, or sometimes it can be as severe as a compound fracture, in which the bone projects out through the skin.

What is a Bone Fracture?

A bone fracture (a broken bone) is a medical condition where bone continuity is disrupted. It can occur in any bone in the body, from the smallest bones in the hands and feet to the largest bones in the legs and arms. Bone fractures can be caused by various factors, including accidents, falls, sports injuries, or underlying medical conditions that weaken the bone structure.

Types of Bone Fractures

Bone fractures can be classified into several types based on appearance, location, and severity. Here are some common types:

• Closed (Simple) Fracture: The segments of broken bone do not break through the skin in this type. The surrounding soft tissues remain intact.
• Open (Compound) Fracture: In this type, the broken bone protrudes through the skin, exposing the fracture site to the external environment. Open fractures are more prone to infection and require immediate medical attention.
• Displaced Fracture: In a displaced fracture, the broken bone fragments get separated and no longer aligned properly.
• Non-displaced Fracture: In this type, the bone fragments remain in their correct anatomical position despite the break.
• Greenstick Fracture: This fracture is common in children and involves an incomplete break where the bone bends but does not entirely separate.
• Comminuted Fracture: In this fracture, the bone shatters into three or more pieces, often caused by high-energy trauma.
• Stress Fractures: They are small cracks that develop in bones due to repetitive stress or overuse. Athletes or individuals with osteoporosis are more prone to stress fractures.  

Causes of Bone Fracture

Various factors can result in bone fractures, including:

• Trauma: High-impact accidents, falls, sports injuries, or physical violence can exert excessive force on the bones, leading to fractures.
• Osteoporosis: This medical condition weakens the bones, making them more vulnerable to fractures, particularly in older adults.
• Overuse Injuries: Repetitive stress on a particular bone, such as in athletes or people with physically demanding jobs, can lead to stress fractures.
• Bone Diseases: Certain medical conditions like cancer, bone cysts, or infections can weaken the bone structure and increase the risk of fractures.
• Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential minerals and nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, and protein can negatively affect bone health and increase the chance of fractures.

Symptoms of Bone Fracture

The following are some common bone fracture symptoms:

• Pain: Excruciating pain at the site of the fracture is one of the most common symptoms. The pain may increase with movement.
• Swelling: Bone fractures often cause swelling and bruising around the affected area due to internal bleeding.
• Deformity: In some cases, the affected limb or body part may appear misshapen or abnormally positioned due to the displacement of bone fragments.
• Inability to Move: Depending on the location of the fracture, the individual may experience difficulty moving the affected body part or bearing weight on it.
• Numbness or Tingling: If the fracture involves nerve damage, the individual may experience numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
• Visible Bone Protrusion: In open fractures, the broken bone may protrude through the skin, which requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis and Tests

Treatment for Bone Fracture

The treatment for a broken bone generally depends on the type, area, and severity of the fracture. Common bone fracture treatment options include:

• Immobilisation: The affected limb or body part is immobilised using a cast, splint, or brace to prevent further movement and allow the bone to heal correctly.
• Closed Reduction: In this non-surgical procedure, the doctor manually realigns the displaced bone fragments into their correct position without making an incision.
• Open Reduction & Internal Fixation (ORIF): This bone surgical procedure involves making a surgical incision to realign the bone fragments and stabilising them with internal devices like plates, screws, or rods.
• External Fixation: In cases of severe fractures or when internal fixation is not feasible, an external fixation device (metal rods and pins) helps stabilise the bone from outside the body.
• Traction: This treatment modality involves applying a gentle, continuous pulling force to realign the bone fragments and maintain their position during healing.
• Medication: Doctors may prescribe pain medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antibiotics (in case of open fractures) to manage pain, reduce inflammation, and prevent infection.
• Physical Therapy: After the initial treatment, doctors recommend physical therapy to regain bone strength, mobility, and range of motion in the affected area.

What Is the Healing Time for Bone Fractures?

The duration for a bone fracture healing can vary depending on several factors, including:

• Type of Fracture: Simple fractures typically heal faster than complex or comminuted fractures.
• Location of Fracture: Fractures in areas with good blood supply, such as the forearm or lower leg, tend to heal faster than those with poor blood supply, like the hip or ankle.
• Age and Overall Health: Younger individuals and those in good overall health generally heal faster than older adults or those with underlying systemic conditions.
• Adherence to Treatment: Strict adherence to the treatment plan prescribed by the doctor, including immobilisation, weight-bearing restrictions, and physical therapy, can significantly impact the bone fracture healing process.

On average, simple fractures may take 6 to 8 weeks to heal, while more complex fractures can take several months or even longer, says Dr. Ravikumar Mukartihal. Following the doctor’s instructions and attending follow-up appointments to monitor the healing progress is essential.

Conclusion

Bone fractures or broken bones are common injuries that can occur as a consequence of various factors, such as accidents or underlying medical conditions. Understanding bone fracture types, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for proper management and recovery. Seeking prompt medical attention and following the prescribed treatment plan can help ensure a successful healing process & restore optimal function to the affected area.

 If you or a loved one has suffered a bone fracture, seek medical attention from experienced specialists at SPARSH, one of the best orthopaedic hospitals in Bangalore. 

FAQs

How to treat a fracture?

Treatment for a bone fracture generally depends on the type, location, and severity. It may include:

• Rest the fractured area
• Avoid putting pressure on the injured area
• Immobilisation with a cast, splint, or brace to prevent movement
• Over-the-counter pain reducers to reduce pain and inflammation
• Surgery in case of complex or displaced fracture

How do I heal a fractured bone fast?

To heal a fractured bone quickly, ensure proper immobilisation with a cast or brace, follow your doctor’s guidance, and get enough rest. Maintain a nutritious diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. Avoid smoking and alcohol, and engage in physical therapy as recommended to restore strength and mobility.

What is the first aid for a bone fracture?

When you or your loved one encounter a situation of bone fracture, then immediately perform first aid:

• Keep the injured person still and avoid moving the affected area
• Apply ice to reduce swelling
• Elevate the injury if possible
• Don’t try to realign the bone yourself
• Immobilise the injury using a splint or padding.
• Seek medical help immediately.

What is the difference between Bone fracture and bone bruise?

Bone fracture vs. bone bruise: A fracture involves a break in the bone’s continuity, while a bruise is an injury to the bone’s surface or inner layer without breaking. Fractures often require immobilisation and longer healing time, whereas bruises typically heal with rest and conservative treatment. Both can cause pain and swelling, but fractures are generally more severe.