Sarcopenia (Muscle Loss): Symptoms and Causes

Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of muscle mass and strength that commonly occurs with aging, although it can also affect younger individuals in specific circumstances. Characterized by reduced muscle function and physical weakness, sarcopenia significantly impacts mobility, balance, and overall health. It can increase the risk of falls, fractures, and complications like paralysis, hamstring sprains, and even seizures if not managed properly. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are essential for maintaining independence and quality of life.

What is Sarcopenia?

Sarcopenia is a medical condition defined by the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. It is most commonly age-related but can also occur due to chronic illness, immobility, or malnutrition. Unlike general muscle weakness caused by fatigue or temporary conditions, sarcopenia is a chronic, degenerative condition that worsens over time.

As muscle mass diminishes, individuals may find it harder to carry out everyday tasks, such as climbing stairs, standing from a seated position, or carrying groceries. It’s a major contributor to frailty in older adults and is often overlooked until physical limitations become severe.

Symptoms of Sarcopenia

Symptoms of sarcopenia can develop gradually and may be mistaken for general aging or fatigue. Key symptoms of sarcopenia include:

• Loss of muscle strength
• Reduced muscle size or visible wasting
• Slower walking speed
• Difficulty with balance and coordination
• Fatigue after minimal activity
• Increased risk of falls and fractures

Muscle loss not only affects physical performance but also limits functional independence. In severe cases, sarcopenia can lead to immobility and serious complications like pressure ulcers and infections.

Sarcopenia Causes

There are multiple sarcopenia causes, with aging being the most common. However, several other factors can contribute to the onset of muscle loss:

• Ageing: After the age of 30, adults begin to lose 3–8% of muscle mass per decade, and this rate increases after age 60.
• Physical inactivity: Sedentary lifestyles, prolonged bed rest, or lack of resistance training contribute significantly to muscle atrophy.
• Poor nutrition: Inadequate protein intake, calcium deficiency, and low levels of vitamin D or other essential nutrients affect muscle development.
• Chronic diseases: Conditions like cancer, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and inflammatory disorders.
• Hormonal changes: Declining levels of testosterone, oestrogen, and growth hormone impact muscle maintenance.
• Neurological conditions: Seizures, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases may accelerate muscle degradation.

Sarcopenia Diagnosis

Proper diagnosis of sarcopenia involves a combination of physical assessments, medical history, and diagnostic tests. Common tools and methods include:

• Grip strength test: Measures muscle strength.
• Walking speed test: Slow gait can be an indicator of muscle decline.
• DEXA scan (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry): Measures muscle mass.
• Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Estimates body composition.
• Medical history and physical exam: Evaluates functional limitations and underlying causes.

A confirmed sarcopenia diagnosis is based on reduced muscle mass combined with diminished muscle strength or physical performance.

Sarcopenia Treatment

Effective sarcopenia treatment often involves a multi-pronged approach aimed at restoring muscle mass, improving strength, and reducing the risk of complications:

Resistance Training

Strength training is the cornerstone of treatment. It improves muscle mass and function, especially when performed consistently.

Nutritional Support

• Adequate protein intake (1.0–1.5g/kg body weight/day).
• Supplementation with vitamin D, calcium, and essential amino acids (especially leucine).
• Proper hydration and a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats.

Physiotherapy

• Supervised physical therapy improves balance, mobility, and joint function.
• Custom rehabilitation programs for those recovering from hamstring sprains, surgeries, or long-term immobility.

Medications and Hormonal Therapy

In specific cases, hormonal therapies or medications that target muscle growth pathways may be used under medical supervision.

Assistive Devices

Walking aids, orthotics, or mobility devices may help prevent falls and support daily activities during treatment.

Sarcopenia Prevention

While aging is inevitable, sarcopenia prevention is possible through a proactive lifestyle. Key preventive strategies include:

Sarcopenia Prevention

While aging is inevitable, sarcopenia prevention is possible through a proactive lifestyle. Key preventive strategies include:

• Exercise regularly: Incorporate strength training, balance exercises, and aerobic activity.
• Eat protein-rich meals: Prioritize lean meats, legumes, dairy, and fish.
• Avoid prolonged immobility: Stay active even during illness or injury recovery.
• Address underlying conditions: Manage diabetes, kidney disease, or hormonal imbalances.
• Limit alcohol and avoid smoking: These habits negatively impact muscle health.

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience unexplained muscle weakness, fatigue, or noticeable changes in physical strength, it’s time to consult a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis leads to better management.

Visit the best physiotherapy hospital in Bangalore, such as SPARSH Hospital, for a comprehensive evaluation. The best physiotherapists in Bangalore can develop a tailored exercise and rehabilitation plan to restore muscle function and prevent complications like paralysis or recurring injuries.

Conclusion

Sarcopenia is more than just a part of ageing—it’s a treatable and preventable condition that affects physical independence and quality of life. Recognizing early symptoms of sarcopenia, understanding its causes, and seeking proper treatment from qualified specialists can help maintain mobility and overall health. If you’re noticing signs of muscle loss, consult with the best physiotherapists to start your recovery journey.

Frequently Asked Questions

What causes sarcopenia?

Causes include ageing, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, chronic diseases, hormonal changes, and neurological conditions.

How is sarcopenia diagnosed?

Through muscle strength tests, gait assessments, and body composition analysis like DEXA scans or bioelectrical impedance.

Is sarcopenia treatable?

Yes, with resistance training, dietary support, physiotherapy, and in some cases, medication or hormonal therapy.

Can sarcopenia lead to complications?

Yes, untreated sarcopenia can increase the risk of falls, fractures, paralysis, and loss of independence.