Scoliosis: What It Is, Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves abnormally to the side, often forming an “S” or “C” shape instead of a straight line. While mild cases may go unnoticed, severe scoliosis can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and mobility challenges. It commonly develops during childhood or adolescence but can also affect adults. Early diagnosis is key to effective treatment, ranging from observation and bracing to surgical correction. With expert care, scoliosis can be managed, allowing patients to lead active, healthy lives.

Understanding Scoliosis

What is scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a spinal disorder characterised by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. Unlike poor posture or temporary spinal changes, scoliosis involves a structural alteration in the bones of the spine (vertebrae).

The condition can range from mild curves, which may require only monitoring, to severe deformities that affect posture, breathing, and overall health. While scoliosis is most commonly identified in children and teenagers during growth spurts, it can also develop in adults due to degeneration of the spine, injuries, or other medical conditions.

SPARSH Hospitals, recognised as one of the best orthopaedic hospitals in Bangalore, offers advanced diagnostic facilities and comprehensive scoliosis management by some of the best orthopaedic doctors in Bangalore.

Types of Scoliosis

Scoliosis is not a one-size-fits-all condition. It can appear in different forms, depending on the age of onset and underlying causes. The main types of scoliosis include:

1. Idiopathic Scoliosis

The most common type, especially in adolescents, has no clear cause. It is often detected during school health checkups or when parents notice uneven shoulders or hips.

2. Congenital Scoliosis

This type develops before birth due to spinal abnormalities that occur during fetal development. Children with congenital scoliosis may show symptoms earlier than those with idiopathic scoliosis.

3. Neuromuscular Scoliosis

Associated with neurological or muscular disorders such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord injuries. Muscle weakness and imbalance contribute to spinal curvature.

4. Degenerative Scoliosis (Adult-Onset)

Usually affects older adults due to wear-and-tear changes in the spine, arthritis, or osteoporosis. It can cause back pain and stiffness along with spinal curvature.

5. Functional Scoliosis

Unlike structural scoliosis, this type is caused by an external issue—such as unequal leg length or muscle spasms—that temporarily affects spinal alignment.

Causes of Scoliosis

The cause of scoliosis depends on the type. In many cases, especially idiopathic scoliosis, the exact cause remains unknown. However, common factors include:

• Genetics: A family history of scoliosis increases the risk.
• Congenital abnormalities: Malformed vertebrae present at birth.
• Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions affecting muscle and nerve control.
• Degenerative changes: Age-related wear and tear on the spinal discs and joints.
• Injury or surgery: Trauma or surgical complications affecting spinal stability.

Symptoms of Scoliosis

The symptoms of scoliosis can vary depending on the severity of the spinal curve. Some cases are so mild that they are only detected during routine checkups, while others present visible signs and physical discomfort.

• Early Signs of Scoliosis in Children
• Parents should watch for:
• Uneven shoulders or shoulder blades
• One hip is higher than the other
• Ribs sticking out on one side
• Leaning to one side when standing
• Clothes not fitting evenly

Common Symptoms of Scoliosis in Teens and Adults

• Back pain or stiffness
• Uneven waist or posture
• Fatigue due to spinal imbalance
• Difficulty breathing in severe cases (due to reduced lung space)
• Visible spinal curve when bending forward

Recognising the signs of scoliosis in children early is crucial, as timely intervention can prevent progression.

Diagnosis of Scoliosis

Doctors at SPARSH Hospitals use advanced techniques to confirm scoliosis, including:

• Physical examination: Assessing posture, symmetry, and flexibility.
• Adam’s forward bend test: A simple test where a child bends forward to highlight spinal asymmetry.
• X-rays: The gold standard for measuring the degree of spinal curvature (Cobb angle).
• MRI or CT scans: Used when underlying conditions like tumors or neurological issues are suspected.

Treatment for Scoliosis

Treatment depends on the type, severity, and age of the patient. Options include:

1. Observation

Mild curves (less than 20 degrees) often require regular monitoring, especially in children who are still growing.

2. Bracing

In adolescents with moderate scoliosis, braces can prevent worsening of the curve. While bracing cannot reverse scoliosis, it is highly effective in stopping progression during growth spurts.

3. Physical Therapy

Exercise and strengthening programs can improve posture, reduce pain, and maintain spinal flexibility.

4. Medication & Pain Management

For adults with degenerative scoliosis, pain relief may involve anti-inflammatory medications, muscle relaxants, or targeted injections.

5. Spine Surgery

In severe cases where the spinal curve exceeds 40–50 degrees, surgery may be necessary. The most common procedure is spinal fusion, where vertebrae are fused together using rods, screws, and bone grafts to correct the curve and stabilise the spine.

SPARSH Hospitals is known for advanced spine surgery facilities and expert orthopaedic surgeons who specialise in complex spinal procedures.

Prevention and Lifestyle Management

While scoliosis cannot always be prevented, especially the congenital or idiopathic types, lifestyle measures help manage symptoms:

• Maintain good posture and spinal health through regular exercise.
• Ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake to strengthen bones.
• Avoid heavy backpacks in children, as they can strain the spine.
• Attend regular checkups, especially for children during growth spurts.

When to See a Doctor?

Consult a doctor if you or your child notice:

• Uneven shoulders, hips, or waist.
• Persistent back pain or stiffness.
• A visible spinal curve or rib hump.
• Difficulty breathing is linked to posture.

Visiting the best orthopaedic hospital in Bangalore, like SPARSH, ensures timely diagnosis and effective treatment. The team of the best orthopaedic doctors in Bangalore provides specialised care for scoliosis patients, from early detection to advanced surgical interventions.

Conclusion

Scoliosis is more than just a spine condition—it can affect posture, confidence, and overall health if left untreated. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and proper treatment are essential for managing scoliosis effectively. With treatment options ranging from observation and bracing to advanced spine surgery, patients can look forward to improved quality of life.

SPARSH Hospitals stands at the forefront of scoliosis care, offering expert consultation, world-class facilities, and compassionate care to patients of all ages. If you notice any signs of scoliosis in children or adults, don’t delay—consult an orthopaedic specialist today.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is scoliosis?

Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves abnormally sideways, often forming an “S” or “C” shape. It can affect children, teenagers, and adults.

What are the symptoms of scoliosis?

Common symptoms of scoliosis include uneven shoulders, visible spinal curvature, back pain, fatigue, and in severe cases, breathing difficulties.

What are the types of scoliosis?

The main types of scoliosis include idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, degenerative, and functional scoliosis.

Can scoliosis be cured?

Mild scoliosis may not need treatment, while moderate to severe cases can be managed with bracing or surgery. While there is no permanent “cure” for all cases, effective treatments can stop progression and improve quality of life.

Where can I find the best scoliosis treatment in Bangalore?

SPARSH Hospitals, known as the best orthopaedic hospital in Bangalore, offers advanced scoliosis care with some of the best orthopaedic doctors in Bangalore, specialising in spine treatment and surgery.