Allergies: Types, Symptoms, Treatment & Management

Allergies are among the most common chronic conditions worldwide, affecting people of all ages. They occur when the immune system overreacts to substances that are usually harmless—such as pollen, dust, food, or medications. These reactions can range from mild discomfort to severe, life-threatening symptoms.

Understanding what allergies are, the different types, and how to manage them effectively is key to improving quality of life. At SPARSH, our team of experienced physicians and allergists are equipped to diagnose allergies, provide effective allergy treatment, and help with allergy prevention strategies.

What Are Allergies?

Allergies are immune responses triggered by allergens—substances that the body mistakenly identifies as dangerous. When exposed to these allergens, the immune system releases chemicals like histamine, leading to inflammation and other symptoms.

Common allergens include:

• Pollen
• Dust mites
• Pet dander
• Mold
• Certain foods (like nuts, dairy, shellfish)
• Insect stings
• Medications

It’s important to distinguish between allergies and food intolerance. While food intolerance (like lactose intolerance) affects digestion, food allergies involve the immune system and can cause serious reactions.

Types of Allergies

There are several types of allergies, each with unique triggers and symptoms. Understanding the type of allergy is crucial for targeted treatment.

1. Seasonal Allergies (Hay Fever)

Triggered by pollen from trees, grasses, or weeds. Common in spring and fall.

2. Food Allergies

Common triggers include peanuts, eggs, shellfish, soy, and dairy. Reactions can range from mild (itching) to severe (anaphylaxis).

3. Skin Allergies

Conditions like eczema (atopic dermatitis), hives, and contact dermatitis occur when allergens affect the skin.

4. Respiratory Allergies

Caused by airborne allergens like dust, mold, or pet dander. Often linked to asthma or conditions that resemble the common cold or sore throat.

5. Insect Sting Allergies

Triggered by venom from bees, wasps, or ants. Severe cases can lead to anaphylaxis.

6. Drug Allergies

Some individuals react adversely to antibiotics, aspirin, or other medications.

Symptoms of Allergies

Symptoms of allergies vary based on the type and severity of the allergic reaction. Common signs include:

• Sneezing and nasal congestion
• Runny or itchy nose
• Watery or red eyes
• Skin rashes, hives, or swelling
• Shortness of breath or wheezing (common with asthma)
• Abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhea (in food allergies)
• Itchy throat or ears
• Fatigue and irritability

In severe cases, symptoms may escalate to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening emergency that requires immediate medical attention.

Allergies Causes

The underlying cause of allergies is an overactive immune system. But several factors can increase the risk of developing allergies:

• Genetics – Allergies often run in families.
• Environment – Exposure to allergens in early childhood can increase sensitivity.
• Immune system issues – Individuals with compromised or hyperactive immune systems are more prone.
• Hygiene hypothesis – Lack of exposure to germs in early life may increase the risk of allergic diseases.

Allergies can also develop later in life, and symptoms can change over time.

How to Diagnose Allergies

Accurate diagnosis is essential to effective treatment. At SPARSH, we use a combination of clinical evaluation and testing to diagnose allergies:

• Medical history – A detailed review of symptoms, lifestyle, and family history.
• Physical examination – Identifying visible symptoms like rashes, swelling, or breathing issues.
• Skin prick test – A small amount of allergen is introduced to the skin to observe a reaction.
• Blood tests – Measures the level of antibodies in the blood.
• Elimination diet – In suspected food allergies, removing and reintroducing foods can help identify triggers.

Timely and accurate diagnosis allows patients to avoid triggers and reduce risk of complications.

Allergies Treatment

Once diagnosed, allergies treatment can begin. Treatment focuses on symptom control, immune modulation, and allergen avoidance.

Medications

• Antihistamines – Reduce symptoms like sneezing, itching, and rashes.
• Decongestants – Help relieve nasal congestion.
• Corticosteroids – Treat inflammation in the airways, skin, or digestive tract.
• Bronchodilators – Used for asthma-related symptoms.
• Epinephrine (EpiPen) – Emergency treatment for anaphylaxis.

Immunotherapy

Also known as allergy shots, immunotherapy involves regular injections of the allergen in small doses. This helps the immune system build tolerance over time and reduces the severity of future reactions.

Lifestyle Management

Patients are advised to:

• Avoid known allergens
• Use air purifiers
• Wear masks during high pollen seasons
• Bathe pets frequently to reduce dander

A personalised care plan from the best general physician in Bangalore can dramatically improve long-term outcomes.

Allergies Prevention

Preventing allergies often involves minimising exposure and building immune resilience. Here are some tips for allergies prevention:

• Keep windows closed during high pollen seasons
• Vacuum and dust your home regularly
• Wash bedding in hot water to kill dust mites
• Use fragrance-free and hypoallergenic skin products
• Introduce new foods to infants gradually
• Breastfeeding may reduce allergy risk in infants

If you have a history of allergies, talk to a physician at an internal medicine hospital in Bangalore for preventive care and regular check-ups.

When to See a Doctor?

You should see a doctor if you:

• Experience persistent sneezing, rashes, or breathing issues
• Suspect a food or drug allergy
• Have frequent unexplained symptoms like fatigue, headaches, or stomach discomfort
• Have a family history of allergies or asthma
• Need help managing chronic allergies or food intolerance

At SPARSH, our experienced doctors are equipped with the tools and knowledge to manage allergies efficiently. Visit an Internal Medicine Hospital in Bangalore for expert care, or consult the best general physician in Bangalore for a personalised approach.

Conclusion

Allergies can affect daily life in many ways, from constant sneezing and rashes to serious reactions like anaphylaxis. Understanding your triggers, getting tested, and following a personalised treatment plan can significantly reduce symptoms and improve your quality of life.

With proper diagnosis and care, allergies are manageable. If you’re dealing with unexplained symptoms or chronic allergic reactions, don’t wait—consult a specialist at SPARSH. Whether you’re battling seasonal allergies, food intolerance, or asthma-like symptoms, the right help is available through the best general physicians and specialists in internal medicine hospitals in Bangalore.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can allergies develop later in life?

Yes, it’s possible to develop allergies as an adult, even without a prior history. Changes in environment, health, or immune function can all contribute.

Is there a cure for allergies?

While there’s no permanent cure, treatments like immunotherapy can reduce sensitivity and symptoms significantly over time.

Are allergies and food intolerance the same?

No. Food intolerance affects digestion, while allergies involve the immune system and can cause more serious reactions, including anaphylaxis.

How can I tell if I have an allergy or a common cold?

Unlike colds, allergies don’t cause fever and often last longer. Itchy eyes, sneezing fits, and symptoms triggered by specific environments suggest

allergies.

Can stress make allergies worse?

Yes, stress can weaken the immune system and worsen allergy symptoms. Managing stress is an important part of allergy management.