Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Symptoms & Treatment

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common respiratory infection affecting people of all ages. Its symptoms range from mild cold-like issues to severe respiratory distress. While there is no specific cure, supportive care and good hygiene are key to managing HMPV. An HMPV infection is generally self-limiting, but severe cases, especially in infants, the elderly, or those with underlying health conditions, may require medical attention.

Understanding Human Metapneumovirus

Human Metapneumovirus is a respiratory virus first identified in 2001. It belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and shares similarities with the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). HMPV is most prevalent during winter and spring, contributing to respiratory illnesses worldwide.

HMPV can affect people of all ages but poses the greatest risk to infants, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems. HMPV in adults typically results in mild symptoms but can escalate to severe bacterial lung infections or complications like pneumonia in vulnerable groups.

Symptoms of HMPV

HMPV symptoms vary in severity and can mimic other respiratory conditions. Common symptoms include:

Cold-like symptoms

HMPV often begins with typical cold symptoms, such as a runny nose, nasal congestion, and a sore throat, making it easy to mistake for a common cold or mild respiratory infection.

Cough

A persistent cough, which is often dry but can occasionally produce mucus, is another hallmark of HMPV. This symptom may linger even after other symptoms subside.

Fever

A mild to moderate fever is a common sign of the body fighting off the virus, often accompanied by a general sense of discomfort.

Wheezing

Wheezing, characterised by a whistling sound during breathing, is more prevalent in children and individuals with asthma or other respiratory conditions.

Shortness of breath

Severe cases of HMPV can lead to noticeable difficulty in breathing, especially in those with compromised lung health.

Fatigue

Generalised tiredness and weakness are common, even after adequate rest, due to the body’s efforts to fight the infection.

Severe cases

In infants, older adults, or immunocompromised individuals, symptoms can escalate to breathing difficulties, bluish skin (cyanosis), and dangerously low oxygen levels, often requiring immediate medical attention.

What Causes HMPV?

HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or contact with contaminated surfaces. Once inhaled, the virus infects the respiratory tract, causing inflammation and triggering the symptoms.

Factors that increase the risk of contracting HMPV include:

• Close contact with infected individuals.
• Compromised immune systems due to illnesses or medications.
• Exposure in crowded places like schools or workplaces.
• Seasonal outbreaks, often during winter and spring.

HMPV Treatment

Currently, there is no specific antiviral HMPV treatment. Care focuses on alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Common approaches include:

1. Home Remedies and Care

• Rest and Hydration: Rest supports the body’s immune system, while adequate fluids prevent dehydration and help thin mucus, easing congestion.
• Over-the-Counter Medications: Medications like paracetamol help manage fever and body aches, while decongestants can relieve a blocked nose.
• RSV Remedies: Saline nasal sprays, humidifiers, and steam inhalation can soothe irritated airways and ease breathing, particularly for children and the elderly.
• Warm Fluids: Herbal teas, soups, or warm water with honey can provide comfort and help reduce throat irritation.

2. Medical Intervention

• Supplemental Oxygen: Administered to individuals with breathing difficulties, especially in severe cases.
• Antibiotics: Prescribed only if a secondary bacterial infection, such as pneumonia, is diagnosed.
• Hospitalisation: Severe cases may require hospital care for close monitoring, respiratory support, or intensive care management.
• Nebulisers: May be used for delivering medications to alleviate respiratory distress in those with asthma or chronic conditions.

3. Preventive Measures

• Frequent Hand Washing: Washing hands with soap for at least 20 seconds minimises viral spread.
• Avoid Close Contact: Maintain distance from infected individuals, especially if they show respiratory symptoms.
• Clean High-Touch Surfaces: Regularly sanitise items like door handles, mobile phones, and keyboards to reduce contamination risks.

Stay Home When Sick: Prevents spreading the infection to others in schools, workplaces, or crowded places.

HMPV in India

A HMPV case reported on the news on 6th January 2025 stated that an eight-month-old baby in Bengaluru was diagnosed with the virus. Authorities, including the Health Ministry, have assured the public that there is no cause for panic. The situation is being closely monitored, with enhanced testing and surveillance to detect any potential outbreaks.

Hospitals in India, including Bengaluru, report no unusual surge in respiratory illness cases. Preparedness measures are in place, ensuring the healthcare system can handle any potential rise in respiratory infections.

When to See a Doctor?

Seek immediate medical care if you or a loved one experiences:

• Persistent high fever.
• Severe shortness of breath.
• Difficulty eating or drinking in children.
• Signs of dehydration, such as reduced urination.
• Cyanosis (bluish skin or lips).

You can consult with an experienced pulmonologist in Bangalore at your nearest SPARSH Hospital for expert guidance and comprehensive care.

Conclusion

Human Metapneumovirus is a common yet manageable respiratory infection. While most cases resolve with supportive care, severe symptoms require timely medical attention. Understanding the symptoms and adopting preventive measures can significantly reduce the risk of complications.

For residents of Bangalore, SPARSH Hospitals, a trusted healthcare provider, offers specialised care from expert pulmonologists to manage respiratory infections effectively.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the symptoms of Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?

HMPV often begins with cold-like symptoms such as a runny nose, congestion, and cough, accompanied by mild fever. In more severe cases, it can cause wheezing, shortness of breath, and even respiratory distress, particularly in vulnerable groups like infants, older adults, or those with pre-existing conditions.

How long does it take for HMPV to go away?

For most people, HMPV symptoms resolve within a week to 10 days. However, those with weakened immune systems or severe cases may take longer to recover, sometimes requiring medical support to manage complications.

Is HMPV curable?

There is no direct cure for HMPV, as it is a viral infection. Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms, supporting the immune system, and addressing any complications that arise, such as bacterial infections or respiratory distress.

What is the treatment for HMPV?

HMPV treatment typically involves rest and staying hydrated to aid recovery. Over-the-counter medications may help reduce fever and ease congestion. Severe cases might require supplemental oxygen or hospital care, especially if breathing difficulties or complications arise.