Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, a crucial component of the body’s immune defence. It develops when lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell, start to multiply abnormally. There are various types of lymphoma, with Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma being the most common. Symptoms often include fever, night sweats, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. The treatment options depend on the type of lymphoma, but may include chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. Early detection and diagnosis are key to improving outcomes, so timely medical attention is essential.

Understanding Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer that affects a part of the body’s immune system called the lymphatic system. This system helps fight infections and is made up of lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and bone marrow. When lymphoma develops, healthy cells in the lymphatic system mutate and grow out of control. These abnormal cells may form tumours in the lymph nodes or other parts of the body, and can spread (metastasize) to other organs.

Lymphoma is categorized into two main types:

• Hodgkin lymphoma (formerly called Hodgkin disease)

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

Both types of lymphoma affect the lymphocytes, which are a subset of white blood cells responsible for fighting infections. The distinction between them lies in the particular type of lymphocyte affected and how the disease develops over time.

Types of Lymphoma

1. Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL):
   This is a rarer form of lymphoma and is most common among young adults and people over 55. It is characterised by the presence of a particular type of cell known as the Reed-Sternberg cell. This type of lymphoma is often diagnosed through biopsy, and it tends to have a better prognosis if treated early.
2. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL):
   Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and includes a variety of different lymphoma types. NHL can occur at any age, but it is most prevalent among older adults. The two primary types of NHL are:

• B-cell lymphoma: The most common form, affecting the B lymphocytes (antibody-producing cells).
• T-cell lymphoma: A less common form affecting the T lymphocytes (cells that help regulate immune responses).

There are also other subtypes of both Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which may differ in their aggressiveness and treatment approaches.

Lymphoma Symptoms

The symptoms of lymphoma can vary based on the type and stage of the disease. Many of the signs of lymphoma overlap with symptoms of other conditions, which is why it can sometimes be difficult to diagnose in the early stages.

Common Lymphoma symptoms include:

• Swollen lymph nodes: These are often painless and you can feel it in the neck, armpits, or groin. Swelling can also occur in other areas of the body, such as the abdomen.
• Fever: Unexplained and persistent fever without any apparent cause.
• Night sweats: Excessive sweating at night, even when the room temperature is cool.
• Fatigue: A sense of exhaustion that doesn’t improve with rest.
• Itchy skin: This can be generalised or localised to certain areas of the body.
• Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying can be a red flag for lymphoma.
• Pain: This can occur in the chest, abdomen, or bones, often linked to the growth of lymph nodes or the spread of cancer.

What Causes Lymphoma?

The distinction between them lies in the particular type of lymphocyte affected and how the disease develops over time.

Lymphoma causes can include:

• Genetic mutations: The most common cause of lymphoma is changes in the DNA of lymphocytes, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth.
• Infections: Certain viruses and bacteria have been linked to lymphoma. Notable examples include the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and the Helicobacter pylori bacteria.
• Immune system disorders: People with a weakened immune system, such as those with HIV or those who are on immunosuppressive medications after organ transplants, are at higher risk of developing lymphoma.
• Age and gender: While lymphoma can affect anyone, it is more common in older adults, particularly Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Some types are more common in younger individuals, such as Hodgkin lymphoma.

Lymphoma Diagnosis

Diagnosing lymphoma typically begins with a physical exam, where the doctor will check for swollen lymph nodes and ask about symptoms. If lymphoma is suspected, additional tests will be conducted.

1. Biopsy: A biopsy is one of the most reliable methods for diagnosing lymphoma. In a biopsy, a doctor removes a small sample of tissue from a lymph node. The tissue is then examined in a lab for the presence of cancer cells. Special staining methods are used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of lymphoma.
2. Blood tests: These can provide insight into the patient’s overall health and identify any irregularities in the blood count that could suggest lymphoma.
3. Imaging tests: To assess the extent of the lymphoma, imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans may be used. These tests help identify the spread of lymphoma to other organs or tissues.
4. Bone marrow aspiration: In certain situations, a bone marrow biopsy may be required to check if the cancer has spread to the bone marrow.

Lymphoma Treatment

Lymphoma treatment varies based on the type and stage of the disease. A patient’s overall health condition also makes an impact. The goal of lymphoma treatment is to control or eliminate the cancer and prevent it from spreading.

Lymphoma treatment options include:

1. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for lymphoma. It uses powerful medications to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. Chemotherapy can be administered intravenously, orally, or through other methods depending on the specific lymphoma type.
2. Radiation therapy: This involves using high-energy rays to target cancer cells in certain areas of the body. It is often used for localised forms of lymphoma or in conjunction with other treatments.
3. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. Drugs like monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors are used to help the immune system recognise and destroy lymphoma cells.
4. Targeted therapy: This treatment involves drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth. While chemotherapy affects all rapidly dividing cells, targeted therapy attacks cancer cells more selectively.
5. Bone marrow or stem cell transplant: This may be recommended for patients with advanced lymphoma or those who do not respond to other treatments. In a bone marrow transplant, diseased bone marrow is replaced with a donor’s healthy marrow.

When to See a Doctor?

If you notice any Lymphoma symptoms such as persistent fatigue, unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or swollen lymph nodes, it is important to see a healthcare professional as soon as possible. While these symptoms may be caused by something less serious, they could also indicate lymphoma or another serious condition.

If you’re in Bangalore and searching for the best haematology hospital or the best haematologist in Bangalore, you are welcome to visit SPARSH Hospitals. Our esteemed team of specialists is dedicated to providing world-class care, personalised treatment plans, and the latest advancements in haematology.

Conclusion

Lymphoma is a serious condition that requires timely diagnosis and treatment. Whether it is Hodgkin lymphoma or Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, recognising the symptoms and seeking medical attention early can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment. Understanding the types of lymphoma, the symptoms, and available treatments is crucial for anyone affected by this condition.

Frequently Ask Questions

Can lymphoma be cured?

While some types of lymphoma can be cured, others may be controlled for many years with appropriate treatment. The prognosis depends on the type of lymphoma, the stage at diagnosis, and the patient’s overall health.

Can a person live with lymphoma?

Yes, many people live with lymphoma for years, especially if the condition is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Some types of lymphoma are slow-growing, while others can be more aggressive. Regular monitoring and treatment can help manage the disease.

Is lymphoma a serious cancer?

Lymphoma is a serious form of cancer, but many people with lymphoma respond well to treatment. The prognosis varies depending on the type of lymphoma and the stage of diagnosis.

Is lymphoma painful?

Lymphoma itself is not always painful, but symptoms like swollen lymph nodes, chest pain, and abdominal discomfort may cause pain. Treatment aims to alleviate pain and discomfort while managing the cancer itself.