Pancreatic Cancer: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Pancreatic cancer is a severe disease that begins in the tissues of the pancreas, often showing minimal symptoms until its later stages. Early warning signs include jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal pain. The causes of pancreatic cancer include genetic predisposition, smoking, and certain medical conditions. Early diagnosis through imaging tests and biomarkers is critical. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the stage of cancer.

What is Pancreatic Cancer?

Pancreatic cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the pancreas grow uncontrollably to form a tumour. This is a vital organ located behind the stomach and plays a key role in breaking down food and regulating blood sugar levels.

When cancer develops, it disrupts these essential functions, leading to poor nutrient absorption, unstable blood sugar levels, and other serious metabolic complications. Because symptoms often remain unnoticed until advanced stages, pancreatic cancer is particularly dangerous, making early detection critical for effective treatment.

Types of Pancreatic Cancer

Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer:

This is the most common type of pancreatic cancer, starting in the exocrine cells that produce digestive enzymes. Most cases are adenocarcinomas, forming in the ducts that carry these enzymes. Exocrine tumours grow quickly, often being diagnosed late, which makes treatment more difficult.

Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer:

Also known as neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), this rare type originates in hormone-producing cells of the pancreas. These tumours can be functional (producing hormones like insulin) or non-functional, with functional types often causing noticeable hormone-related symptoms.

Understanding the type helps doctors determine the best pancreatic cancer treatment strategy.

Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms

Symptoms often remain subtle in the early stages, but they can include:

• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bile duct obstruction.
•  Abdominal Pain: Upper abdomen pain that may radiate to the back.
• Weight Loss: Unexplained and significant weight loss.
• Fatigue: Persistent tiredness and lack of energy.
• Digestive Problems: Nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite.
• Dark Urine and Pale Stools: A result of bile flow disruption.

If you notice these Pancreatic Cancer Symptoms, seek medical advice promptly.

What Causes Pancreatic Cancer?

The exact Pancreatic Cancer Causes are unknown, but certain factors increase the risk:

1. Genetic Mutations: Mutations in genes such as BRCA2 can predispose individuals to pancreatic cancer.
2. Smoking: Tobacco use significantly raises the risk.
3. Family History: A family history of pancreatic cancer increases susceptibility.
4. Chronic Conditions: Diabetes and chronic pancreatitis are common risk factors.
5. Obesity: Being overweight increases inflammation and insulin resistance, which may contribute.

 How is Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosed?

Early detection is challenging but critical. Common tests for pancreatic cancer include:

1. Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds can identify tumours.
2. Biopsy: A tissue sample is collected for microscopic analysis to confirm the diagnosis.
3. Blood Tests: Biomarkers like CA19-9 are tested to detect cancer activity.
4. Endoscopic Ultrasound: Provides detailed imaging of the pancreas and surrounding tissues.

Timely diagnosis improves the pancreatic cancer survival rate, particularly if caught in its early stages.

Treatment and Management

The choice of treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer. Key options include:

Surgery:

• Whipple Procedure: This involves removing the head of the pancreas along with parts of the small intestine, gallbladder, and bile ducts to eliminate the tumour.
•   Distal Pancreatectomy: This surgery involves removing the tail and body of the pancreas, typically when the tumour is located in those areas. 

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing, often administered before or after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Radiation Therapy:

High-energy radiation is directed at cancer cells or tumours, aiming to shrink them or kill them to prevent further spread of the disease.

Targeted Therapy:

This therapy targets specific genetic mutations in cancer cells, blocking the mechanisms that allow the cancer to grow, often used in conjunction with other treatments.

Palliative Care:

Focused on managing symptoms such as pain and nausea, palliative care aims to improve the quality of life, especially for those with advanced or terminal pancreatic cancer. 

When to See a Doctor?

Consult a doctor if you experience persistent symptoms like abdominal pain, jaundice, or unexplained weight loss. For people in Bangalore, you can visit your nearest SPARSH Hospital. We have renowned cancer hospitals in Bangalore. We have some of the best oncologists in Bangalore that recommended a tailored treatment to help you get better.

Conclusion

Pancreatic cancer is a tough condition, but early detection and modern treatments can make a real difference. Being aware of the symptoms, knowing the risk factors, and getting medical help early are all key to improving the chances of successful treatment.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the main cause of pancreatic cancer?

While the exact cause of pancreatic cancer remains unclear, certain factors are strongly linked to its development. These include genetic mutations in the DNA of pancreatic cells, smoking, chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), and long-standing conditions like type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle factors, such as a diet high in processed foods and obesity, can also contribute to the risk.

2. How can you prevent pancreatic cancer?

While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent pancreatic cancer, making healthy lifestyle choices can lower your risk. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective steps, as smoking significantly increases your likelihood of developing this cancer. Additionally, adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing conditions like diabetes can help reduce your chances.

3. What age do people get pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer primarily affects older adults, with the majority of cases diagnosed in individuals aged 50 and above. However, in rare instances, it can occur in younger people, especially those with a strong family history or specific genetic syndromes.

4. Who is at the highest risk for pancreatic cancer?

Those with a family history of pancreatic cancer or hereditary genetic conditions, such as BRCA2 mutations or Lynch syndrome, face a significantly higher risk. Chronic conditions like pancreatitis and diabetes further increase susceptibility. Lifestyle factors, including smoking and obesity, can also elevate risk levels.