Flat Feet (Pes Planus): Types, Symptoms & Treatment

Flat feet, also known as pes planus, is a common foot condition where the arches on the inside of the feet are flattened, causing the entire sole to touch the ground when standing. While flat feet are often painless, they can lead to discomfort, fatigue, and complications over time if not properly addressed. At SPARSH, a trusted orthopaedic hospital in Bangalore, patients with flat feet receive expert diagnosis and comprehensive care from leading orthopaedic doctors in Bangalore.

This guide will explore what pes planus is, the types of flat feet, associated symptoms, causes, and the most effective treatment options, including when to consider foot and ankle surgery.

What Is Pes Planus or Flat Foot?

Flat foot, or pes planus, refers to a condition in which the natural arch of the foot either never developed or has collapsed over time. This condition can occur in one or both feet and may be flexible or rigid. While many children are born with flat feet, the arches often develop by the age of 6. However, in some individuals, the arches remain flat into adulthood.

Flat feet can affect gait (the way a person walks) and posture, sometimes leading to strain on the ankles, knees, and hips. While not always problematic, some cases require medical intervention, especially when the condition causes pain or mobility issues.

Types of Flat Feet

Flat feet are classified based on how and when they develop, as well as how they affect movement.

1. Flexible Flat Feet

The most common type, especially in children. The arch is visible when sitting but flattens when standing. It’s often painless but may lead to fatigue or discomfort with activity.

2. Rigid Flat Feet

The arch is absent both when standing and sitting. This type is less common and often more painful. It may be caused by abnormal bone development or arthritis.

3. Adult-Acquired Flatfoot (Fallen Arch)

Occurs when the arch collapses over time due to injury or stress, especially in middle-aged adults. Often linked to posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD).

4. Congenital Flat Feet

Present from birth and may be associated with other foot deformities such as clubfoot.

Symptoms of Flat Feet

Not everyone with flat feet experiences symptoms. However, for those who do, symptoms may include:

• Foot pain, especially in the arch or heel
• Swelling along the inside of the ankle
• Tired, achy feet after long periods of standing or walking
• Knee, hip, or lower back pain due to misalignment
• Overpronation (feet rolling inward excessively when walking)
• Uneven wear on shoes

These symptoms can affect physical performance and daily comfort, making timely intervention important.

Causes of Flat Feet

There are several underlying reasons for flat feet:

• Genetics: Family history is a strong factor.
• Weak arches: Arches may appear when not bearing weight but flatten under pressure.
• Injury: Trauma to the foot or ankle can damage ligaments or tendons.
• Aging: Natural wear and tear can weaken the foot’s structure over time.
• Obesity: Excess weight adds stress to the arches.
• Arthritis: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis can affect foot joints and lead to flat feet.
• Neurological or muscular diseases: These can impair muscle control and foot alignment.

Diagnosis of Flat Feet

Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam and an assessment of gait and foot structure. Imaging tests may include:

• X-rays: To detect bone abnormalities or arthritis.
• MRI/Ultrasound: To evaluate soft tissue, especially the posterior tibial tendon.

At SPARSH, orthopaedic doctors in Bangalore use advanced diagnostics to determine the most appropriate treatment strategy.

Treatment for Flat Feet

Treatment for flat feet depends on the severity of symptoms and the impact on daily life. Many people live comfortably with flat feet without treatment, but others may require intervention.

1. Non-Surgical Treatments

• Orthotic devices: Custom arch supports relieve pain and provide stability.
• Supportive shoes: Footwear with good arch support and cushioning can reduce discomfort.
• Physical therapy: Exercises to strengthen foot and ankle muscles and improve alignment.
• Stretching routines: Especially for the Achilles tendon, which is often tight in flat-footed individuals.
• Medications: NSAIDs can relieve pain caused by inflammation.

2. Foot and Ankle Surgery

Surgery may be recommended when non-surgical methods fail to provide relief. Surgical options include:

• Tendon repair or transfer
• Joint fusion (arthrodesis) for severe deformity or arthritis
• Osteotomy (cutting and realigning bones)
• Implants to support the arch

The team at SPARSH performs advanced foot and ankle surgery using minimally invasive techniques wherever possible, ensuring faster recovery and long-term relief.

Living with Flat Feet

Managing flat feet often involves lifestyle changes:

• Maintain a healthy weight to reduce pressure on the feet.
• Avoid walking barefoot on hard surfaces.
• Use footwear with arch support and avoid high heels.
• Incorporate foot-strengthening exercises into daily routines.
• With the right approach, most people with flat feet can lead active, pain-free lives.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if you experience:

• Persistent foot or ankle pain
• Pain that limits daily activities or sports
• Signs of flat feet developing in adulthood
• Swelling or changes in foot shape
• Symptoms of arthritis in the foot or ankle

Early diagnosis and personalised care from the orthopaedic team at SPARSH can prevent complications and improve your quality of life.

Conclusion

Flat feet, or pes planus, can affect people of all ages and vary widely in severity. While many live comfortably without intervention, others may experience pain, fatigue, or joint strain. With effective treatment for flat feet, including orthotics, therapy, and in some cases, foot and ankle surgery, most patients can achieve lasting relief.

SPARSH Hospitals is a leading orthopaedic hospital in Bangalore, offering state-of-the-art diagnostics, advanced surgical care, and customized treatment plans. Whether you’re dealing with flat feet, clubfoot, or rheumatoid arthritis, our team is here to support your path to better mobility.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can flat feet cause other joint problems?

Yes. Flat feet can lead to misalignment in the knees, hips, or lower back, increasing the risk of joint pain or arthritis over time.

Are flat feet the same as clubfoot?

No. Flat feet refer to collapsed arches, while clubfoot is a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of position. They are distinct conditions requiring different treatments.

Do children outgrow flat feet?

Many children have flexible flat feet, which usually resolve as they grow. However, persistent symptoms should be evaluated by a specialist.

Is surgery always required for flat feet?

No. Most cases respond well to non-surgical treatments like orthotics and physiotherapy. Surgery is considered only when symptoms are severe or progressive.

Can flat feet be prevented?

You can’t always prevent flat feet, especially if it’s genetic. However, maintaining strong foot muscles, wearing supportive shoes, and managing weight can reduce the risk of complications.