Blood Cancer: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment

Blood cancer is a serious group of diseases that affect the production and function of blood cells. It originates in the bone marrow, where blood is produced, and disrupts the normal development of blood cells, leading to abnormal or cancerous growth. These cancers interfere with the body’s ability to fight infections, transport oxygen, and prevent bleeding. Early recognition of blood cancer symptoms and timely blood cancer treatment can improve outcomes significantly.

What Is Blood Cancer?

It refers to cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. The three main types are leukaemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. These cancers occur when the normal process of blood cell formation goes awry, leading to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

Unlike solid tumours, blood cancer doesn’t form lumps. Instead, it spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This makes early detection and specialised treatment even more critical.

Types of Blood Cancer

Blood cancers are broadly categorised into several types, each with distinct characteristics:

Leukaemia

Leukaemia starts in the bone marrow and involves the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out normal cells, affecting the immune system and oxygen delivery. Leukaemia is classified as acute or chronic, and as myeloid or lymphocytic, depending on the cells affected.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma affects the lymphatic system, a part of the immune system that helps protect against disease. There are two primary subtypes:

• Hodgkin Lymphoma: Identified by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells under a microscope.
• Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A diverse group of lymphomas that do not contain Reed-Sternberg cells.

Myeloma

Myeloma, or multiple myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells—another type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. It interferes with the production of antibodies, leaving the body vulnerable to infection.

Causes of Blood Cancer

There’s no single cause, but several factors are known to increase the risk of developing blood cancer:

• Genetic mutations: Changes in DNA can trigger abnormal cell development.
• Radiation exposure: High levels of radiation increase the risk of blood cancer.
• Chemical exposure: Prolonged contact with chemicals like benzene is linked to leukaemia.
• Infections: Certain viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or HIV, can be a reason for blood cancer.
• Immune system disorders: Autoimmune diseases and blood disorders may elevate the risk.

Family history and age also play a role, with some forms being more common in older adults.

Blood Cancer Symptoms

Blood cancer symptoms can be vague at first and often mimic those of less severe conditions. Common signs include:

• Fatigue and weakness
• Frequent infections
• Unexplained weight loss
• Bruising or bleeding easily
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Bone pain or joint discomfort
• Night sweats and fever

If these symptoms persist or worsen, it’s important to consult a specialist and consider a blood test for cancer to rule out or confirm a diagnosis.

Blood Cancer Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient’s age and general health. Common blood cancer treatment options include:

Chemotherapy

This is the most widely used method, involving drugs that kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.

Radiation Therapy

High-energy rays are used to target and destroy cancer cells, especially effective in lymphoma cases.

Immunotherapy

This approach boosts the immune system to better recognise and attack cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy

It uses drugs to block specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth.

Stem Cell Transplant

Also called bone marrow transplant, this procedure replaces diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells.

Clinical Trials

Ongoing research continues to offer new experimental treatments that may be more effective or have fewer side effects.

When to See a Doctor?

If you’re experiencing persistent blood cancer symptoms or have a family history of blood disorders, you should consult a medical professional. Regular health screenings and a blood test for cancer can detect problems early.

Those in Bangalore can consult expert oncologists in Bangalore at SPARSH, a leading oncology hospital in Bangalore, for accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment plans.

Prevention and Monitoring

While many cases of blood cancer are not preventable, you can reduce the risk by:

• Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals
• Maintaining a healthy immune system
• Managing chronic infections and autoimmune diseases
• Staying informed about family medical history
• Seeking early medical attention when symptoms arise

Regular check-ups are key, especially if you have a personal or family history of cancer or blood disorders.

Conclusion

Blood cancer is a complex but increasingly manageable disease thanks to medical advancements. Understanding the causes of blood cancer, recognising early blood cancer symptoms, and pursuing timely blood cancer treatment are essential to improving outcomes. With specialised care from top oncologists, patients can navigate this challenge with the best possible support.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common type of blood cancer?

Leukaemia is one of the most common types, especially in children, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more prevalent in adults.

How is blood cancer diagnosed?

Doctors use a blood test for cancer, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging scans to diagnose and classify the type and stage of the disease.

Is blood cancer curable?

Some types, like Hodgkin lymphoma, have high cure rates with early detection and treatment. Others may be managed effectively over the long term with ongoing care.

Can blood cancer come back after treatment?

Yes, blood cancer can relapse. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential to detect any recurrence early.

What is the role of bone marrow in blood cancer?

Bone marrow is where blood cells are produced. In blood cancer, the marrow becomes overrun with abnormal cells, disrupting normal blood production.